![]() ![]() This cookie helps keep user sessions open while they are visiting a website, and help them make orders and many more operations such as: cookie add date, selected language, used currency, last product category visited, last seen products, client identification, name, first name, encrypted password, email linked to the account, shopping cart identification. The website cannot function properly without these cookies. Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like page navigation and access to secure areas of the website. A 2018 review on pyrrolizidine alkaloids present in comfrey indicated widespread potential toxicity to humans and livestock and the opportunity for drug development from these compounds. In 2001, the US Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission banned the sale of comfrey products from the market due to its potential toxicities. Toxicity and adverse effectsĬomfrey contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are toxic compounds readily absorbed via the stomach or skin, and have the potential to increase the risk of fatal liver toxicity. In Europe as of 2015, there were no comfrey products for oral use, and those for topical uses to treat bruises or joint pain were evaluated as having risk of liver toxicity. A 2013 review of clinical studies assessing the possible effect of comfrey on osteoarthritis found the research quality was too low to allow conclusions about its efficacy and safety. In folklore, Symphytum officinale roots were used in traditional medicine internally (as an herbal tea or tincture) or externally (as an ointment, compresses, or alcoholic digestion) for treatment of various disorders, including commonly as a treatment for reducing the pain of osteoarthritis. The plant produces significant nectar when compared to other UK plants tested. × uplandicum is generally more bristly and has flowers that tend to be bluer or violet. asperum, Symphytum × uplandicum, known as Russian comfrey, which is widespread in the British Isles, and which interbreeds with S. It is a perennial herb with a black, turnip-like root and large, hairy broad leaves that bears small bell-shaped flowers of various colors, typically cream or purplish, which may be striped.Ī common hybrid is formed between Symphytum officinale and S. The hardy plant can grow to a height of 1–3 ft (0.3–0.9 m). Description and botanyĬomfrey is a perennial plant found in moist grasslands in western Asia, Europe, and North America. Its early common names, knitbone or boneset, reflect its historical use by poultices of leaves and roots to treat sprains, bruises or bone fractures. Over centuries, comfrey was cultivated in Asia, Europe, and the United Kingdom as a vegetable and herbal medicine. ![]() Internal or long-term topical use of comfrey is discouraged due to its strong potential to cause liver toxicity. The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees. It occurs elsewhere, including North America, as an introduced species and sometimes a weed. It is locally frequent throughout Ireland and Britain on river banks and ditches. It is native to Europe, growing in damp, grassy places. Other English names include Quaker comfrey, cultivated comfrey, boneset, knitbone, consound, and slippery-root. To differentiate it from other members of the genus Symphytum, this species is known as common comfrey or true comfrey. Along with thirty four other species of Symphytum, it is known as comfrey. Symphytum officinale is a perennial flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae. Leaves can be cut regularly throughout the summer and autumn. Transplant when large enough to handle to 60cm (2ft) apart between plants.Can also be sown in pots or trays under glass and transplanted. Sow seeds thinly, 12mm (½in) deep in drills 30cm (12in) apart.The seed benefit from being placed in a chilled environment (fridge) for 14-28 days to activate the seed prior to sowing, hence improving germination rates. ![]()
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